The History of Semiconductor Systems
Semiconductors are believed to be a special class of chemical elements. Scientists got known about such substances in the end of the 19th century, but only in the 20th century scientists managed to get more knowledge about them. Russian physicists performed a lot of experiments. The results demonstrated that semiconductors may help to generate the fluctuations and maintain them. But such parts as semiconductor assembly which are used today were created significantly later. Just in the beginning of the 50's with the invention of transistors in 1949 the broad use of crystal detectors started. Since then many people all over the world become interested in such type of substance as semiconductors.
A lot of scientists carry out a great deal of researches simply to gain more knowledge about such feature of semiconductors as stimulated emission. It led to the appearing of semiconductor laser system based on usage of p - n barriers and then on heterojunction.
Today's producers can propose a broad range of different semiconductor devices to their customers, for instance diodes. If there were no semiconductor devices utilized in the newest technologies, we won't have an opportunity to perform such great researches that are important for other sciences.
The conductivity of semiconductors is situated in diapason between conductivity of metals and conductivity of isolators. This feature is caused the division of semiconductors as a detached class. Such matters as germanium, silicon, selenium and several others are believed to be semiconductors.
Physicists haven't been interested in semiconductors for quite a long period of time. Abram Ioffe is a soviet scientist who began carrying out various experiments in field of semiconductors. He noticed that this wonderful sort of substance has some special features and described how they can be used. There are electron conduction and hole conduction developed by semiconductor systems. The characteristics of semiconductor are dependant on the conditions they are placed. For example, by usage of some admixtures the value of electron conduction can be modified.
Almost every sphere of modern technologies means usage of semiconductors. Diodes, transistors and thyristors are the most often used devices. Their sophisticated characteristics are frequently utilized nowadays, but they became spread just ten years ago. There are systems based on semiconductors which can convert luminous and heat energy into electricity and vice versa. Heat and cold can be developed by some kinds of semiconductors. Such devices as radio receivers, atomic batteries, quantum generator, microprocessors etc comprise semiconductors. Workers can't do without semiconductor rectifiers, changers, disconnectors and amplifiers. In case we match devices operating on semiconductors and tube devices we can see that semiconductors are significantly smaller and lighter. When semiconductors are used some important characteristics as power and reliability are being improved a lot.
We can't imagine how the humankind may exist without a lot of devices that are based on utilizing of semiconductors.
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